<Contemporary Period.
[Surviving Jews - Jews in
communities and without community]
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 498: World War II
refugees waiting for
Passover supplies from the American Jewish Joint
Distribution Committee in Berlin,
April 1946. Courtesy A.J.D.C., New
York
When the Nazi regime in Germany ended, the general assumption was - in
the words of Leo Baeck - that the Holocaust had terminated the
thousand-year history of German Jewry and that Jews would not resettle
in the country where the massacre of European Jewry had been conceived.
This forecast has not proven completely accurate. Jews are again living
in Germany and they have rebuilt their communal and social
organizations; but numerically they do not exceed 5% of the Jewish
population of the country at the time of Hitler's rise to power.
Although the Jews form a very diversified group, their relative
influence in all spheres of life is but a faint shadow of what it was.
After a period of consolidation the Jews of Germany consisted of three
main groups:
-- the remnants of German Jewry who had survived the war in Germany;
-- *Displaced Persons (D.P.s) who took temporary refuge in Germany
after the war, especially in the American zone;
-- and Jews who returned to Germany or settled there after the war.
[[Many Jews also had survived with wrong names or by change of religion
and did not re-convert again. They are not counted as survivors but
they are mentioned only in estimates]].
Those who survived the persecutions and the war in Germany itself had,
on the whole, only a tenuous attachment to Judaism. Many had been
baptized, and the majority had entered mixed marriages (surviving the
Holocaust only with the help of their "Aryan" relatives) and had raised
their children as Christians. Among them were also several hundred
women who had married Jews, and converted to Judaism. The average age
of this group was over 50. The number of Jews in Germany grew in the
immediate postwar period, when several thousand German Jews who had
survived the concentration camps (especially Theresienstadt) and did
not go into D.P. camps returned to Germany. Soon after, a few thousand
were able to emigrate to the United States and several hundred went to
other countries. Of those who remained, only a part (estimated by H.
Maor between 6,000 and 8,000) joined the reestablished Jewish
communities.
[The Displaced Persons (D.P.s) in
Germany - D.P. organization She'erit
ha-Peletah with headquarters in Bergen-Belsen]
The D.P.s who arrived in Germany after the war
[[transported by the Jewish organizations after the war within the
flight from Communist occupation in eastern Europe]]
were a "community in transit" and did not regard themselves as a part
of German Jewry. At the end of 1946, there was a record number of
160,000 Jewish D.P.s in Germany; the total number of Jewish D.P.s who
spent some time in the country is estimated at 200,000.
[[In May in the camps of whole Europe were alive "perhaps a million
Jewish refugees", see: *Zionism.
Many of the surviving Jews came from eastern Europe to the D.P. camps
in western Germany, driven by criminal Gulag Communism and lead by
racist Zionist facilities. Not all surviving Jews went to the D.P.
camps but found private shelter. There were further D.P. camps in
Austria, see: *D.P.s,
and *Vienna]].
Most of them were in the American Zone, where they neither joined the
communities (col. 496)
nor had much contact with German Jews. The D.P.s formed their own
organization, She'erit ha-Peletah (The Saved Remnant), which had local
regional and central committees. In the British Zone (northwest
Germany), however, it was the reestablished communities that joined the
She'erit ha-Peletah, which had its headquarters at *Bergen-Belsen. In
time the refugees, especially those who lived outside the D.P. camps in
the urban D.P. assembly centers, established contacts with members of
the Jewish communities. When the great stream of aliyah and emigration of the
She'erit ha-Peletah came to an end in the early 1950s, 12,000 former
D.P.s were left in Germany. There were in 1960, according to Maor,
about 6,000 former D.P.s in Germany who had become members of the
[[local]] Jewish communities. They represented a sizable portion of the
total membership of some of the communities, e.g., 80% in Munich and
40% in Frankfort. NO precise data are available on the remaining 6,000.
Some may have emigrated, other may be listed as returnees, and still
other may have severed all links with the organized Jewish community.
[1945-1960: About 6,000 Jews
coming back to Germany - the reasons]
From the end of the war to the beginning of the 1960s, about 6,000
German Jews returned to Germany and some 2,000 Jews from other
countries settled there. Since the early 1960s, Germany has received a
few hundred more Jewish immigrants, in addition to several thousand
returnees. For the most part, these were people who had not adjusted in
the countries to which they had emigrated (including Israel). Others
hoped that their presence in Germany would speed up the restitution of
their property, or the indemnification [[compensation]] payments due to
them (see *Restitution and Compensation). Still others were simply
attracted to Germany by the prevailing economic prosperity. Some
prominent people, mostly artists and men-of-letters, returned to
Germany, but as a rule they did not join the Jewish communities. In
general, the former D.P.s and the returnees were the more active
groups, having much closer ties with Judaism than the group of
survivors who never left the country. (col. 497)
When the aliyah and
emigration of the D.P.s came to an end, the communities grew in
importance. (col. 497)
REESTABLISHMENT OF JEWISH COMMUNITIES.
[New organizations established for
the victims of Nazism - State Commissariat in Bavaria and in Hessen -
Philip Auerbach - help by the Joint - Berlin in 4 zones]
The reestablishment of Jewish communities began shortly after the war,
but in the early stages the means at their disposal were quite limited.
Various organizations were operating in Germany to care for the victims
of Nazism, and included the Jews in their activities. Among these were
the organizations of Nazi victims and the Bavarian Red Cross. In
Bavaria, the ministry of the interior established a State Commissariat
for the care of people who had been persecuted on the basis of race,
religion, or political convictions. (The first commissioner, appointed
in the fall of 1945, was a non-Jewish Social Democrat; in 1946 a
leading Jew, Philip Auerbach, was appointed to this post). A bureau of
the same kind was also establishes in Hessen.
[[Auerbach was a criminal and abused German money which was foreseen
for Jews into his own pockets. The justice punished him and the case
fed anti-Jewish prejudices]].
The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee helped the communities
establish themselves, and gradually they were able to assume the main
burden of the religious and social services required by their members.
The Berlin Jewish community at this time included the four zones of the
city. In June 1947 a coordinating committee of Jewish communities in
Germany, covering all the zones of occupation, was formed. (col. 497)
It was at this time that the German Federal Republic (West) and the
German Democratic Republic (East) were established. The interest of the
newly founded government of West Germany in strengthening the Jewish
communities was shared by the occupation authorities, especially in the
American Zone (headed by High Commissioner John J. McCloy).
On July 17, 1950, a Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland ("Central
Council of (col. 497)
Jews in Germany") was set up with headquarters at Duesseldorf. The
formation of the council was encouraged by the authorities, and it
became the supreme organ of the Jewish communities in West Germany,
achieving that status first in fact and later in law.
[Official reconciliation work]
While in the immediate postwar years the Jews in Germany had insisted
that their stay in the "accursed land" was temporary and that they
would soon leave it, by the early 1950s voices began to call for the
building of bridges between the Jewish and German peoples. One
community leader declared that the Jewish-sponsored idea of dissolving
the Jewish communities in Germany should be abandoned, and a rabbi who
had returned to Germany even stated that the Jews remaining in the
country were charged with reminding the German people of their guilt
and their obligation to atone [[compensate]]. Such ideas were supported
by the government of West Germany and especially by Chancellor Konrad
*Adenauer, who felt that in addition to the reparations agreement with
[[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel, the existence of a
Jewish community in Germany and good relations between that community
and the German people would be important contributions to the moral and
political rehabilitation of Germany in the eyes of the world. To help
bring about a reconciliation with the Jewish people, various German
organizations and movements, such as the Aktion Suehnezeichen
("Operation Atonement") led by the Protestant theologian Helmut
Gollwitzer, the Society for Christian-Jewish Understanding, the Peace
With Israel movement headed by Erich Lueth, and others, were formed.
It is doubtful, however, whether any of these movements would have made
headway had it not been for West Germany's rapid economic recovery,
which facilitated the economic absorption of the Jews (most of whom had
hitherto maintained themselves by grants or black market activities).
[Racist Zionists claim that no Jew
will stay in Germany - moderate policy after the creation of the
Central Council (Zentralrat) - compensation and restitution]
World Jewish organizations, especially the [[racist]] Zionist movement,
disapproved [[[condemned]] of Jewish integration into German life. They
regarded it as morally wrong for Jews to be permanently resident in
Germany and tried to persuade them to leave the country. When, however,
the reparations agreement was signed between the State of [[racist
Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel, the *Conference on Jewish
Material Claims, and the Federal (col. 498)
Republic in September 1952, the psychological and political basis for
ostracizing the Jews of Germany no longer existed. The Zentralrat
became a member of the Claims Conference, and in 1954 the [[racist]]
Zionist Executive approved the reestablishment of the [[racist]]
Zionist Organization of Germany. (This is not to be confused with the
[[racist]] Zionist Organization of the She'erit ha-Peletah, which was
disbanded in 1951 as were all other institutions of the She'erit
Ha-Peletah).
The Zentralrat also became affiliated with the *World Jewish Congress.
Following the reparations agreement and the legislation for
indemnification and the restitution of property, he federal government
of West Germany and governments of the Laender [[provinces]] adopted a
liberal policy toward the restitution of property to the communities
and provided them with regular subsidies for their needs. As a result,
the Jewish communities of Germany became among the wealthiest in the
world.
This process of consolidation was not without its upheavals, struggles,
and public scandals, which came before the German courts. Among those
sentenced to imprisonment were Aaron Ohrenstein, the rabbi of Munich,
and Philip Auerbach, who committed suicide in prison. There were also
court proceedings contesting the legality of several community
councils.
[Anti-Semitism after 1945 -
pro-Jewish actions]
Anti-Semitism continued to exist in the country, perhaps exacerbated by
the problem of bringing Nazi criminals to justice and the demand for
the exclusion of Nazis from public office and government service. In
fact, Neo-Nazi movements sprang up, Jewish cemeteries were desecrated,
swastikas were daubed on walls, and anti-Semitic propaganda was
disseminated.
On the other hand, there were signs of a genuine change of heart:
German youth was educated toward democracy, Jewish literature and
literature on Jews appeared on the bookstands, there were exhibitions
on Jewish themes, etc. The authorities assisted the communities in the
construction of new synagogues and undertook the reconstruction of
synagogues of historical value in places where there was no Jewish
community (such as the Rashi Synagogue in Worms).
[[This generalization that German youth was educated toward democracy
is not so sure because many teachers were former Nazis and gave Nazism
the right of existence against the stock market manipulations and
against Communism. These teachers did not know that criminal "USA" had
financed Communism and the Third Reich at the same time...]]
[Numbers of Jews in Germany in the
1960s - mixed marriages]
In October 1967, the number of Jews registered with the Jewish
communities in West Germany, including West Berlin, was 26,226 (this
includes 1,300 Jews living in Frankfort who were not members of the
community but registered as Jews in the census). It is estimated that
there are 5,000 to 10,000 additional Jews in the country who are not
listed with the communities.
According to the figures for Oct. 1, 1966, the largest communities
were in West Berlin (5,991 members), Frankfort (4,168), Munich (3,345),
Duesseldorf (1,579), Hamburg (1,500), and Cologne (1,304).
Because of the high average age, the demographic composition of German
Jewry is highly abnormal. [[The racist Zionist organizations had
transported the whole German Jewish youth to Palestine between 1933 and
1941]].
The (col. 499)
death rate greatly exceeds the birth rate, e.g. in 1963-64 there were
482 deaths and only 69 births. In spite of the wide gulf between Jews
and Germans, the rate of intermarriage is among the highest in the
world. In the period 1955-58, there were 679 marriages in which both
partners were Jewish, as against 2,009 mixed marriages; 72.5% of the
Jewish men and 23.6% of the Jewish women who married chose non-Jewish
partners. (For the period 1901-30 the respective figures were 19.6% for
men and 12.2% for women).
[Jewish cultural life after 1945]
Several aged rabbis returned to Germany, and a few came there from
other countries, e.g., the United States, [[racist Zionist Free Mason
CIA Herzl]] Israel, and Britain, to serve for a limited period. There
was a serious scarcity of teachers, religious articles, and community
workers. The work of the communities was generally in the hands of a
salaried staff. Jewish schools were established in Frankfort and
Munich, while elsewhere the community provided religious instruction
during after-school hours. There were social welfare departments in the
communities and a central welfare office (Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle) in
Frankfort.
Many communities maintained homes for the aged and summer camps for
children. German-language Jewish weeklies were published in Duesseldorf
and Munich. The Juedischer Verlag (Jewish Publishing Co.) in Berlin was
reestablished, and another publishing house, Ner Tamid, was opened. The
[[racist]] Zionist organization had branches in most of the
communities, as did Jewish women's organizations and youth movements.
In most places there were local committees of the *Keren Hayesod and
the *Jewish National Fund, and in Berlin, Frankfort, and Munich there
were B'nai B'rith Lodges.
An outstanding contribution to the postwar rehabilitation of Jews in
Germany was made by Karl Marx (1897-1966), who returned to Germany in
1945, joined the [[racist]] Zionist movement, and founded the
Allgemeine Wochenzeitung des Judentums ("General Jewish Weekly") in
Duesseldorf. He regarded as his task the "building of a bridge" between
the Jewish people and [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel,
on the one hand, and Germany, on the other. He had close connections
with the first president of the Federal Republic, Theodor Heuss, with
Chancellor Adenauer, and with Social Democratic leaders and tried to
serve as a link between them and the leaders of [[racist Zionist Free
Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel and world Jewry.
A number of Jews assumed important public offices. Among them were
-- Paul Hertz, a Social Democratic senator in Berlin
-- Herbert A. *Weichmann, President of the Bundesrat and mayor of
Hamburg
-- Joseph Neuberger, the minister of justice in North Rhine-Westphalia
(who returned to Germany from [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]]
Israel)
-- and Ludwig Rosenberg, chairman of the Federation of Trade Unions.
Several scholars and prominent artists, including the actors Ernst
*Deutsch and Fritz *Kortner, also returned to Germany.
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 501: The new
synagogue of Hanover, built with the
assistance of the Federal German
government. Courtesy Hanover Municipality.
Photo Hermann Friedrich,
Hanover.
Despite their manifold activities, the Jewish communities in Germany
rest on weak foundations because of their abnormal demographic
structure, the inadequacy of Jewish education, and the abyss that
continues to exist between the Jews and German society. The replacement
of the expression Deutsche Juden
("German Jews") by the term Juden in
Deutschland ("Jews in Germany") may be taken as an indication of
the strangeness that Jews feel in Germany and their anxiety about the
future.
[[Generally the anti-Zionist line was weakened because of the wars of
racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl Israel. Generally there are Jewish
leaders in West German TV stations and radio stations controlling and
censoring the news hiding the racist and anti-Arab nature of the
"Jewish state of Israel". Since the fall of the wall many Jews from
eastern
Europe have arrived in re-united Germany]].
[Jews in East Germany (GDR)]
There is only a tiny remnant of Jews in the German Democratic Republic.
Their number is estimated at 1,500, of whom 900 live in East Berlin.
Although there is no ban on religious practice, the communist regime
makes an effort to obscure the identity of Jews. Only a few of the
public figures who are of Jewish origin have retained any connection
with organized Judaism. One of these was the author Arnold *Zweig who
was president of the Academy of Arts.
[CH.Y.]
[Table]: Jewish population in Germany,
1871-1969
|
xxxxxxxxx1871xxxxxxxxx
|
xxxxxxxxx512,158xxxxxxxxx |
[[with
Pommern, Silesia, Prussia]]
|
1880
|
562,612xxxxxxxxx |
"
|
1890
|
567,884xxxxxxxxx |
"
|
1900
|
586,833xxxxxxxxx |
"
|
1910
|
615,021xxxxxxxxx |
"
|
1925
|
564,379xxxxxxxxx |
[[without Eastern Prussia,
without Polish corridor]]
|
1933
|
503,0001xxxxxxxx |
Jews defined by religion
|
1939
|
234,0002xxxxxxxx |
Jews defined by Nuremberg
law [[with Austria and Sudeten]]
|
1941
|
164,000xxxxxxxxx |
[[with Austria, Sudeten,
and Polish corridor]] |
1942
|
51,000xxxxxxxxx |
[[with Austria, Sudeten,
and Polish corridor]] |
1943
|
31,910xxxxxxxxx |
[[with Austria, Sudeten,
and Polish corridor]] |
1944
|
14,574xxxxxxxxx |
[[with Austria, Sudeten,
and Polish corridor]] |
1946
|
156,7053xxxxxxxx |
Estimated number includes
displaced persons
[[without Austria, Sudeten, Pommern, Silesia, Prussia]]
|
1948
|
153,0003xxxxxxxx |
Estimated number includes
displaced persons
[[without Austria, Sudeten, Pommern, Silesia, Prussia]] |
1949
|
55,0003xxxxxxxx |
Estimated number includes
displaced persons
[[without Austria, Sudeten, Pommern, Silesia, Prussia]] |
1952
|
23,000xxxxxxxxx |
|
1957
|
30,000xxxxxxxxx |
|
1964
|
31,000xxxxxxxxx |
|
1969
|
30,000xxxxxxxxx |
|
from:
Germany; In: Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971), vol. 7, col. 481
|
Relations With [racist Zionist
Free Mason CIA Herzl] Israel.
Prior to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the State of
Israel and the German Federal Republic (West Germany) in March 1965,
relations between the two states were confined to the agreement of
Sept. 10, 1952, for global recompense of the material damage inflicted
on the Jewish people by the National-Socialist regime (see *Restitution
and Indemnification).
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 499: Signing of the
German-Israel reparations
agreement at the Luxembourg Municipality,
1952. Seated from left: Felix Shinnar, Giora Josephthal,
Moshe Sharett,
Nahum Goldmann. From: R. Volge: The German Path to Israel, 1969
An Israel Mission was in charge of the
implementation of this agreement as the only official representative of
Israel in the Federal Republic. No German counterpart existed in
[[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel, in view of vehement
opposition there to extending relations beyond the commercial limits of
the agreement.
The Israel mission was, however, authorized to grant entry visas to
[[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel, where the British
consulate, acting for the Federal Republic, granted entry visas to West
Germany.
[[Racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel was boycotted by the
Arab states so trade with Western Europe was existentially important,
also with West Germany]].
The value of Israel's purchases under the the agreement amounted to
60-80 million annually. As a result of the contact with the large
number of suppliers, relations developed and reached far beyond the
field of commerce.
[[The perverse situation was that democratic Germany was supporting a
racist Zionist state with it's aim of a "Greater Israel" from the Nile
to the Euphrates according to 1st Mose, chapter 15, phrase 18, which
was never mentioned in the press and in TV and in the radio. At the
same time Germany kept relations with the Arab
states which are agitating against this racist Zionist state with
anti-Semitism which was officially banned in Germany. East Germany
(German Democratic Republic, GDR) was in line with the "Soviet Union"
which supported the Arab states against racist Zionist Free Mason CIA
Herzl Israel. Principally the "Soviet Union" wanted Israel to be a
Communist satellite. By this, the tensions - and the propaganda - were
enormous on both sides and German-Jewish relations
with racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl Israel were blocked by this]].
[Embassy questions - GDR and
tactics with the Arab states - West German embassy since 12 May 1965]
Consequently, and in view of the Federal Republic's impressive economic
and political recovery from 1953 onward, a need was felt for more
clearly defined relations, as well as for the presence of an official
representative in [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel. In a
letter to the Israel mission, written in March 1956, the then foreign
secretary, H. von Brentano, officially proposed the establishment of a
mission in [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel whose status
would be parallel to that of the Israel mission.
Although this proposal was accepted by [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA
Herzl]] Israel, it was not implemented by Germany, since the German
Foreign Office feared the Arab States would react to the establishment
of diplomatic relations between [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]]
Israel and the Federal Republic by recognizing the German Democratic
Republic (East Germany) as a second sovereign German state. Such a
development would be contrary to the Hallstein Doctrine (adopted in May
1958), whose basic aim was Germany's reunification. (col. 501)
On March 7, 1965 (two years after Ludwig Erhard had become chancellor
of the Federal Republic) an offer to establish diplomatic relations
with [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel was made; the
timing of the offer was due to an official visit to Cairo by Walter
Ulbricht, head of the Democratic Republic. Ulbricht's visit was
considered by the Federal Republic's government as provocation by
President Nasser of the United Arab Republic and an overture to the
establishment of diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic.
In consequence of this visit and the publicity campaign initiated by
Nasser against the supply of defensive arms to Israel by the Federal
Republic (although Egypt received incomparably more weapons from the
Soviet Union), diplomatic relations were broken off between Germany and
Egypt and most of the Arab States. The Israel government and the
Knesset accepted the West German offer, and on May 12, 1965, diplomatic
relations were finally established; exchange of ambassadors followed in
July 1965.
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 502: Rolf Pauls,
first German ambassador to Israel, presenting
his credentials to
President Zalman Shazar, Jerusalem, 1965. From: R. Vogel: The German
Path to Israel, 1969.
From July 1965, relations developed satisfactorily between the Federal
Republic and [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel. The visit
to Israel of the former Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer, in May 1966 was a
significant event. It demonstrated his friendship for Israel and for
the former prime minister, David *Ben-Gurion. In November 1967 the
former chancellor, Professor Erhard, paid a visit to Israel, which also
symbolized the gradual normalization of relations. At the inauguration
of the new Knesset building in 1966, the Federal Republic was
represented by the president of its parliament, Eugen Gerstenmaier. An
Israel-German chamber of commerce was established with Walter
Hesselbach, a leading figure in the West German economy and an ardent
friend of Israel, and the former minister of finance, Franz Etzel, at
its head.
Long-term loans for development were granted by the Federal Republic to
[[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel in 1966 and subsequent
years under an agreement of May 12, 1965. Similar loans had been
granted for the development of the Negev in the years 1961-65, agreed
upon at the historic meeting between [[racist]] Ben-Gurion and Adenauer
at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York on March 14, 1960.
Visitors from all walks of life subsequently went from the Federal
Republic to [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel, and these
visits furthered bitter understanding between the two countries. Even
in the five years preceding the establishment of diplomatic relations,
about 40,000 young people aged between 18 and 25 years from the Federal
Republic had visited [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]] Israel.
The first German ambassador to [[racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl]]
Israel, Rolf Pauls, made unceasing efforts for the improvement of
relations. Asher Ben-Nathan was Israel's first ambassador to the
Federal Republic.
[[Since 1948 the non-Zionists were banned to be silent by the racist
Zionists with
their racist Zionist Free Mason CIA Herzl Israel and their rich "Jewish
organizations" which dominated and discriminated all non-Zionists and
the non-Zionist groups]].
[F.E.S.]
Bibliography
The major bibliography is German
Jewry (1958), supplemented by From
Weimar to Hitler: Germany 1918-1933 (1964); Persecution and Resistance under the Nazis
(1960); and (col. 502)
After Hitler (1963), all
published by the Winer Library, London. These are brought up to date in
the Yearbooks of the Leo Baeck
Institute (YLBI, 1956ff.). The Bibliography
of Jewish Communities in Europe (BJCE), compiled by B. Ophir in
the Yad Vashem Institute, Jerusalem, is the most complete for an
economic, social and regional history. The following periodicals are
indispensable:
-- BLBI
-- HJ
-- Juedische Familien-Forschung
-- JJGL
-- JJLG
-- JJV
-- MGADJ
-- MGWJ
-- Zeitschrift fuer Demographie und Statistik der Juden
-- ZGJD
GENERAL
-- Festschrift zum siebzigsten Geburtstage Martin Philippsons (1916)
-- J.R. Marcus: Rise and Destiny of the German Jew (1934)
-- F. Kobler: Juden und Judentum in deutschen Briefen (1935)
-- M. Lowenthal: Jews of Germany (1939)
-- Baron, Social
-- H.G. Adler: Die Juden in Deutschland (1960)
-- K. Schilling (ed.): Monumenta Judaica, 3 vols. (1963)
-- W. Kampmann: Deutsche und Juden (1963)
-- F. Boehm and W. Dirks: Judentum: Schicksal, Wesen und Gegenwart, 2
vols. (1965)
-- I. Elbogen and E. Sterling: Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland
(1967)
-- H.H. Ben-Sasson (ed.): Toledot Am Yisrael, 3 vols. (1969)
-- idem: Ha-Yehudim mul ha-Reformazyah (1969)
-- H.M. Graupe: Die Entstehung des modernen Judentums (1969)
-- M. Kreutzberger (ed.): Bibliothek und Archiv (1970)
MEDIEVAL.
-- Aronius, Regesten
-- G. Caro: Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Juden im Mittelalter,
2 vols. (1924)
-- Finkelstein, Middle Ages
-- Germ Jud
-- B. Altmann, in: PAAJR, 10 (1940), 5-98
-- G. Kisch: Jewry-Law in Medieval Germany (1949)
-- idem: Jews in Medieval Germany (1949)
-- S. Landau: Christian-Jewish Relations (1959)
-- J.R. Marcus: Jews in the Medieval World (1960)
-- J. Trachtenberg: The Devil and the Jews (1961)
-- C. Roth (ed.): Dark Ages (1966), 122-42, 162-74
-- I.A. Agus: Heroic Age of Franco-German Jewry (1969)
MERCANTILISM AND ABSOLUTISM
-- J.R. Marcus: Communal Sick-Care in the German Ghetto (1947)
-- H. Schnee: Die Hoffinanz und der moderne Staat, 6 vols. (1953-67)
-- H. Kellenbenz: Sephardim an der unteren Elbe (1958)
-- S. Stern: Der Preussische Staat und die Juden, 2 vols. (1962)
-- idem: Court Jew (1950)
-- B.-Z. Abrahams (ed. and tr.): The Life of Glueckel of Hameln (1962)
ENLIGHTENMENT AND EMANCIPATION
-- I. Freund: Die Emanzipation der Juden in Preussen, 2 vols. (1912)
-- M. J. Kohler: Jewish Rights at the Congresses of Vienna (1814-15)
and Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) (1918)
-- M. Eliav: Ha-Hinnukh ha-Yehudi be-Germanyah bi-Ymei ha-Haskalah
ve-ha-Emahzipazyah (1960)
-- A. Shohet: Im Hillufei Tekufot (1960)
-- J. Katz: Tradition and Crisis (1961)
-- N.N. Glatzer: Dynamics of Emancipation (1965)
-- M.A. Meyer: Origin of the Modern Jew (1967)
-- H. Fischer: Judentum, Staat und Heer in Preussen (1968)
19TH AND 20TH CENTURY.
-- F. Theilhaber: Der Untergang der deutschen Juden (1921)
-- G. Krojanker (ed.): Juden in der deutschen Literatur (1922)
-- H. Silbergleit: Die Bevoelkerungs- und Berufsverhaeltnisse der Juden
im deutschen Reich (1930)
-- J. Lestschinsky: Das Wirtschaftliche Schicksal des deutschen
Judentums (1932)
-- F.R. Bienenfeld: The Germans and the Jews (1939)
-- H. Schwab: History of Orthodox Jewry in Germany (1950)
-- idem: Jewish Rural Communities in Germany (1956)
-- R. Lichtheim: Die Geschichte des deutschen Zionismus (1954)
-- S. Adler-Rudel: Ostjuden in Deutschland 1880-1940 (1959)
-- S. Kaznelson: Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich (1959)
-- E. Simon: Aufbau im Untergang (1959)
-- S. Liptzin: Germany's Stepchildren (1961)
-- R. Weltsch (ed.): Deutsches Judentum (1963)
-- W.G. Plaut (ed.): Rise of Reform Judaism (1963)
-- A. Altmann: Studies in Nineteenth Century Jewish Intellectual
History (1964)
-- W. Schochow: Deutsch-juedische Geschichtswissenschaft (1966)
-- J. Toury: Die Politschen Orientierungen der Juden in Deutschland
(1966)
-- E.G. Loewenthal (ed.): Bewaehrung im Untergang (1966)
-- H. Liebschuetz: Das Judentum im deutschen Geschichtsbild von Hegel
bis Max Weber (1967)
-- D. Philipson: Reform Movement in Judaism (1967)
-- E. Hamberger: Juden im oeffentlichen Leben Deutschlands (1968)
-- U. Tal: Yahadut ve-Nazrut ba-Reikh ha-Sheni (1969)
ANTI-SEMITISM
-- P. Massing: Rehearsal for Destruction (1949)
-- A. Leschnitzer: Magic Background of Modern Antisemitism (1956)
-- P.G.J. Pulzer: Rise of Political Antisemitism in Germany and Austria
(1964)
-- J. Toury: Mehumah u-Mevukhah be-Mahpekhat 1848 (1968)
-- E. Sterling: Judenhass (1969)
-- G.L.Mosse: Germans and Jews (1970)
HOLOCAUST
-- N. Bentwich: Refugees from Germany (1936)
-- G.O. Warburg: Six Years of Hitler (1939)
-- E.H. Boehm: We Survived (1949)
-- E. Kogon: Theory and Practice of Hell (1950)
-- E. Reichmann: Hostages of Civilization (1951)
-- B. Blau: Das Ausnahmerecht fuer die Juden Deutschlands (1954)
-- L. Poliakov: Harvest of Hate (1954)
-- L. Kochan: Pogrom, 10 Nov. 1938 (1957)
-- H. Tramer (ed.): In zwei Welten. Siegfried Mosses zum 75. Geburtstag
(1962) (col. 503)
-- S. Colodner: Jewish Education in Nazi Germany (1964) (col. 503-504)
-- H.H. Freeden: Juedisches Theater in Nazideutschland (1964)
-- W. Mosse and A. Paucker (eds.): Entscheidungsjahr 1932 (1965)
-- H. Buchheim et.al.: Anatomy of the SS State (1965)
-.- H. Eschwege: Kennzeichen (1966)
-- H. Genschel: Die Verdraengung der Juden aus der Wirtschaft im
Dritten Reich (1966)
-- R. Hilberg: Destruction of the European Jews (1967)
-- G. Reitlinger: Final Solution (1968)
-- L. Poliakov and J. Wulf: Das Dritte Reich und die Juden (1955)
-- International Military Tribunal: Trial of the Major War Criminals,
23 vols. (1949), index
-- W. Scheffler: Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich (1964)
-- idem: Die Nationalsozialistische Judenpolitik (1960)
-- K.J. Ball-Kaduri: Das Leben der Juden in Deutschland im Jahre 1933
(1963)
-- idem: Vor der Katastrophe - Juden in Deutschland 1934-1939 (1967)
-- idem, in: Yad Vashem Studies, 7 (1968), 205-18
-- S. Esh: ibid., 2 (1958), 79-93
-- S. Colodner, ibid., 3 (1959), 161-85
-- Simon, in: YLBI,1 (1956), 68-104
-- Freeden: ibid., 142-62
-- Gaertner: ibid., 123-41
-- Edelheim-Muesham: ibid., 5 (1960), 308-329
-- S. Esch, in: YWSS 7 (1968), 19-38
-- D. Schoenbaum: Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi
Germany 1933-39
-- G. Mosse: Germans and Jews (1970)
POST-WAR
-- L.W. Schwarz: The Redeemers (1953)
H. Maor: Ueber den Wiederaufbau der juedischen Gemeinden in Deutschland
seit 1945 (1961)
-- N. Muhlen: The Survivors (1962)
-- A. Elon: Journey through a Haunted Land (1967)
-- K. Gershon: Postscript (1969)
-- L. Katcher: Post Mortem: The Jews of Germany Today (1968)
-- AJYB (1945- )
-- F.E. Shinnar: Be-Ol Korah u-Regashot (1967)
-- Die Juden in Deutschland 1951/52-1958/59: ein Almanach (1959)
-- Vom Schicksal gepraegt... (1957)
-- H.G. van Dam: Die Juden in Deutschland seit 1945 (1965)
-- B. Engelmann: Deutschland ohne Juden (1970)
RELATIONS WITH ISRAEL
-- R. Vogel: The German Path to Israel (1969)
-- I. Deutschkron: Israel und die Deutschen (1970)> (col. 504)
Sources
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 495-496 |
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 497-498
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 499-500
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 501-502
|
Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971): Germany, vol. 7, col. 503-504
|
|
previous index
