   Russland bis 1917, Index / Russia until 1917, index von / by Michael Palomino Juden in Russland / Jews in Russia 1. Ukraine and Poland-Lithuania (3d century approx.-1772) (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) First settlements in Crimea and
Ukraine - Jewish missionand converted Jewish Khazar kingdom - Jews in
Ukraine and Poland-Lithuania - anti-Jewish czarist policy: blocked
Moscow and stake in St. Petersburg - Black Sea coast
2. Russian Czarist Antisemitism (1772-1881) - student development (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Czarist rule in Eastern Europe
after the Polish partitions - discriminations in the Pale of Settelment
- different developments with tradition and enlightenment -
manipulations with schooling and professions - Cantonists and
expulsions from villages - military draft - cultural developments and
emancipation hopes
Jewish student development in racist czarist Russia before 1881 (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Jewish education standard higher than Russian education standard - Jews in Russian high schools - numberus clausus - studies abroad - Jewish students with revolutionary tendencies and in the intelligentsia 3. Russian pogrom habit 1881-1914 (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Murdered czar and Russian pogrom
habit since 1881 - emigration - self-defense since 1903 - new Jewish
organizations - census 1897 - radical Jewish movements: Socialists,
bund and racist Zionism - Jewish cultural developments in Yiddish,
Hebrew and Russian
4. World War I, revolutions of 1917 and civil war massacres (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Allegations, deportations and
mass flight 1915 - socialist revolution and communist revolution 1917 -
Balfour declaration and racist Zionist power coming up - civil war with
anti-Semitic armies and massacres - Jewish self-defense
Persecution of the Jews in Russia until 1917 1. Pale of Settlement 01: Foundation since the first Polish partition in 1772 (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Masses of Jews in Russia since
the partitions of Poland 1772-1815 - creation of the Pale of Settlement
- definite borderlines 1830s-1917 - expulsion of the Jews from the
villages
2. Pale of Settlement 02: The shtetl in the 19th century (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Shtetl structures in the
discrimination situation of the Pale of Settlement - few Jews reach
"upper class" - first proletariat
3. Pale of Settlement 03: The constant discrimination of the Jews by the czar in the 19th century (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Jewish children for the army
(Cantonists) - border restriction of 50 versts - five "classes" law -
exemption for "educated" Jews - discrimination movement against all
minorities in the 1870s
3a Pale of Settlement 03a: Cantonist children for the Russian army (17th century until 1856) (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) How the criminal "Christian"
church and the czars took Jewish children for military drill to make
"Christians" of them
3b Pale of Settlement 03b: Blood libels against Jews in Russia in Modern Times 1799 to after 1948 (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Blood libel allegations of
"Christians" against Jews in czarist Russia - and after 1948
4. Pale of Settlement 04: Religious developments under czarist discrimination in the 19th century (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Hasidism and Mitnagdim (religious
righteous) - Hashkalah and maskilim Enlightenment movement) as a base
for later Zionism
5. Pale of Settlement 05: Foundation of help organizations for the Jews under czarist discrimination (Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) Alliance Israélite Universelle -
Anglo-Jewish Association - Hilfsverein
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